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盐酸(HCl)。

问答题
2022-05-23 15:50
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正确答案
盐酸是氯化氢气体的水溶液,15℃时氯化氢在水中溶解度最大可生成42.7%(质量)的盐酸。市场上出售的浓盐酸为37.2%(质量)。
盐酸为易挥发性酸,因此在40℃以上使用时,氯化氢气体会从盐酸溶液中挥发出来,给使用带来困难。
盐酸与金属反应生成的氯化物水溶性大都很好,但盐酸与卤化物对金属都有腐蚀作用,在使用时要引起注意。
使用盐酸作清洗液时,一般使用10%以下浓度并在常温下使用,尽量避免升温使用以防止产生酸雾。由于大多数氯化物都是易溶于水的,因而呈健行的碳酸盐水垢、铁锈、铜锈、铝锈都可以很好地溶解在盐酸钟。盐酸价格便宜所以被广泛用于上述污垢的清洗中。盐酸清洗适用于碳钢、黄铜、紫铜墙铁壁及其他铜合金材料的设备清洗。它对碳酸盐水垢和铁锈的清洗最有效而且经济,所以工业已广泛用于清洗换热器、各种反应设备及锅炉。
盐酸中的氯离子既有促进金属腐蚀产物快速活化溶解的有利作用,又有导致钝化材料表面钝化膜局部破坏、被腐蚀的不利作用,所以不能选盐酸作清洗不锈钢和铝材表面污垢的清洗液。由于盐酸对钢铁等不少金属材料有强烈的腐蚀作用,因此在清洗中为保证设备不被腐蚀在盐酸中要添加缓蚀剂。

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