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试论培养学生创造性思维的方法。

问答题
2022-05-24 18:51
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正确答案
学校教育应当通过各种专门的课程来教授一些创造性思维的策略与方法,训练学生的创造力。常用的培养学生创造性思维的方法有:
(1)发散思维训练
训练发散思维的方法有多种,如用途扩散、结构扩散、方法扩散与形态扩散等。
用途扩散即让学生以某件物品的用途为扩散点,尽可能多地设想它的用途;方法扩散即以解决某一问题或制造某种物品的方法为扩散点,设想出利用该种方法的各种可能性;形态扩散即以事物的形态(如颜色、味道、形状等)为扩散点,设想出利用某种形态的各种可能性。
(2)推测与假设训练
这类训练的主要目的是发展学生的想像力和对事物的敏感性,并促使学生深入思考,灵活应对,可以让学生进行各种假设、想像。
(3)自我设计训练
教师应考虑到学生的兴趣和知识经验,给他们提供某些必要的材料与工具,让学生利用这些材料,动手去制作某种物品。学生通过实际的操作活动,完成自己的设计。此项训练通常需要教师协助学生确定所设计的课题,并提供各种形式的帮助。
(4)头脑风暴训练
通过集体讨论,使思维相互撞击,迸发火花,达到集思广益的效果。具体应用此方法时,应遵循四条基本原则:一是让参与者畅所欲言,对所提出的方案暂不作评价或判断;二是鼓励标新立异、与众不同的观点;三是以获得方案的数量而非质量为目的,即鼓励多种想法,多多益善;四是鼓励提出改进意见或补充意见。
可以先由教师提出问题,然后鼓励每个学生从自己的角度提出解决问题的方法,通过集体讨论,可以拓宽思路,激发灵感,进而提高创造性。
上述几种方法是实际中常用的典型方法,它们彼此之间也有一定的交叉,教师可以根据学生的实际情况选择恰当的训练方式。
但也应该注意到,虽然培养创造性的方法是多种多样的,但创造性的产生是知识、技能、策略、动机等多方面综合发展的结果。虽然各种直接的、专门的创造性训练是有效、可行的,但不应取代或脱离课堂教学。研究证明,结合各个学科特点进行创造性思维训练,既可以发挥教师的创造性,也可以有效地提高学生的创造性。排斥或脱离学科而孤立地训练创造力,这实际上是舍本逐末的做法,也不可能真正提高学生的创造性。

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