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简述影响动脉血压的因素。

问答题
2022-06-13 20:49
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正确答案

(1)心脏每搏输出量:在外周阻力和心率变化不大时,每搏输出量增大,收缩压升高大于舒张压升高,脉压增大。反之,每搏输出量减少,主要使收缩压降低,脉压减小。所以在一般情况下,收缩压的高低主要反映每搏输出量的多少。
(2)心率:心率加快时,收缩压升高的程度较小,脉压减小。反之,当心率减慢时,舒张压下降的幅度较大而收缩压下降的幅度较小,因而脉压增大。
(3)外周阻力:外周阻力增大时,收缩压升高不如舒张压升高明显,脉压相应减小。当外周阻力减小时,舒张压和收缩压都减小,但是舒张压降低得更为明显,脉压加大。可见,一般情况下,舒张压的高低主要反映外周阻力的大小。
(4)主动脉和大动脉的弹性贮器功能:由于主动脉和大动脉的弹性贮器功能,使得动脉血压的波动幅度明显小于心室内压力的波动幅度。当动脉管壁硬化时,大动脉的弹性贮器作用减弱,对血压的缓冲作用也就减弱,因而收缩压增高而舒张压降低,脉压明显加大。
(5)循环血量与血管系统容量的比例:正常情况下,循环血量与血管系统容量是相适应的,产生一定的循环系统平均充盈压,血管系统的充盈程度变化不大。失血后,循环血量减少,此时如果血管系统容量变化不大,那么体循环平均充盈压会降低,使动脉血压降低。其他情况下,如果循环血量不变而血管系统容量增大,也会导致动脉血压下降。


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