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文字形体演变的因素。

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2022-06-13 21:36
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1、首先是书写材料、工具,对文字形体的演变有重要影响甲骨文与金文,书写材料工具不同,字形就有较大差别。甲骨文是用龟甲兽骨为书写材料,用刀在坚硬的甲骨上刻画出来的,因此字形线条化,笔画多方折,多以方形代表圆形。而金文是先在泥范上刻好字,再用青铜浇铸而成的,所以文字经过仔细的修饰加工,不像甲骨文一刻而就。字形多肥笔,圆笔,比甲骨文更接近于图画,笔画相对减少。
2、文字形体的演变,与书写的文化内容、使用场合也密切相关。在早期古文中,反映占卜、祭祀、葬仪等严肃内容占主要地位,这些内容有利于保留图画性质。如汉字甲骨文、金文多记录占卜、祭祀、征战等国家大事,书写都很深重严肃,不能草率,这就阻碍了文字抽象化和简化的进程。直到后来秦汉之际篆隶并行时,较形象复杂的篆书与较抽象简单的隶书在书写内容上也有分别。篆书是当时的法定文字,用于庄重典雅的场合,而隶书则是民间俗体,只用于记录一般文书、官狱事务及日常文书。
3、书写人的社会文化背景,对文字形体的演变也有重要的影响。一般来说,上层文化集团比较尊重原有文字传统,爱用正规字体,而下层文化集团往往追求书写简便,爱用简化俗体。汉字形体的一次重大演变,就是首先在下层官吏狱卒中开始的。


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