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大理寺

名词解释题
2022-06-14 00:35
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官署名。始置于北齐,九寺之一,为国家最高审判机构,掌决正刑狱。置卿、少卿、丞各一员,下设功曹、五官、主薄、录事等员,属官有正、监、评各一员,律博士四员,明法掾二十四员,槛车督二员,掾十员,还有狱丞等官。隋置卿、少卿各一员,丞二员,主薄二员,录事二员,又有正、监、评各一员,司直十员,律博士八员,明法二十员,狱掾八员。唐置卿一员,少卿二员,掌折狱、详刑;凡罪抵流、死,皆上报刑部,由中书、门下详覆,有正二员、丞六员、主薄二员、狱丞二(或四)员、司直六员、评事八(或十二)员、录事二员及府、史等官。辽属南面官,只司汉人狱讼,其官员亦只任用汉人。北宋初置判司一至二员,权少卿一员,以朝官充任。凡狱讼之事,随官司决劾,本寺复听讯,但掌蒜天下奏狱,送审刑院详讫,同署后上于朝廷。设详断官八员,以京官充。神宗元丰改制,置卿员、少卿二员、正二员、推丞四员以及断丞、司直、评事、主薄等官。
凡断刑,则司直、评事详断,丞议之,正审之;奉旨推鞫及情犯重者,大理卿同所隶官请对奏裁。南宋初并省官寺,唯大理寺不并,重司直、主薄之选,增选试取人数。金于天德二年(1150)设,掌审断天下奏案、评谳疑狱有卿一员,下设少卿、正、丞等属官;汉人共六员,女真、契丹各四员。元世祖至元二十年(1283),改领北庭都护府置,掌旧州城及畏兀儿人居汉地者狱讼,秩正三品。二十二年,复旧。明洪武十四年(1381)复置,与刑部、都察院合称为三法司,初审以刑部、都察院为主;复审,本寺为主。有卿,左、右少卿,左、右丞掌审谳平反刑狱之政令,寺分左、右,分理京畿、十三布政司刑名之事。清顺治元年(1644)沿置,亦与刑部、都察院合称为三法司,定满、汉卿各一员,满、汉少卿各一员,下设满、汉评事、寺正等官。凡平反重辟,皆由三法司会勘,刑部定疑谳,都察院纠核,归其平决,参预朝廷大政。光绪二十四年(1898)并入刑部,寻复旧,三十二年更寺为院


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