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收复失地运动

名词解释题
2022-06-14 02:00
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亦称“再征服运动”或“雷康吉斯达运动”(‘再征服’之意),是指伊比利亚半岛的基督教小王国将穆斯林驱逐出半岛,恢复对伊比利亚半岛的占领和统治的斗争。711年,阿拉伯人从北非渡过直布罗陀海峡侵入伊比利亚半岛,四年后,阿拉伯人在西哥特王国灭亡的领地上建立“安达卢斯国”,756年,倭马亚逃亡至此的王子拉赫曼宣布脱离阿拉伯帝国,建立另一个穆斯林统治的独立国家后倭马亚王朝,并取得了辉煌的成就。西哥特人被迫退居到北部山区,先后建立了一些基督教小王国,如卡斯提尔、葡萄牙和阿拉冈等王国,基督徒和穆斯林从阿拉伯人一登陆伊比利亚半岛的那一刻就展开了斗争活动。1031年,后倭马亚王朝的解体为23个小王国,基督教王国乘机迅速发展,“收复失地运动”进程得到加速。1212年,基督教王国联军在托罗萨决定性地击败了阿拉伯人。1492年,阿拉伯人最后一个据点格拉那达失守,“收复失地运动”胜利结束。“收复失地运动”的胜利使阿拉伯势力彻底退出了伊比利亚半岛,巩固了基督教势力在整个西欧的统治;在收复失地的过程中,伊比利亚半岛逐渐形成并一直延续到现在的两个民族国家葡萄牙和西班牙。


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