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简要总结巴黎公社失败的原因。

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2022-06-14 03:27
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正确答案

巴黎公社的失败有着主观和客观上两方面的原因。从主观说,是由于当时法国工人阶级在政治上还不成熟,因而使公社在政治、经济和军事上犯了一系列致命的错误。
第一,3月18日革命后,公社没有乘胜向凡尔赛反革命巢穴进军,消灭已濒于瓦解的梯也尔政府反动军队,给反革命势力造成了喘息的机会。
第二,公社对资产阶级反革命活动的镇压不够坚决,甚至没有取缔在巴黎出版的反革命报刊。第三,在同凡尔赛的战争中,公社缺乏统一的军事指挥中心,并错误地采取了消极防御的战略。
第四,在经济方面,公社没有没收法西兰银行以加强自己的经济实力,并利用它对凡尔赛政府施加政治和经济压力。
第五,公社对团结农民的重要性认识不足,未能建立起工农之间的联盟。
第六,在公社委员会内部,忽视必要的集中,始终没有形成一个有权威的领导核心,反而在宗派斗争上浪费了不少时间和精力,从而削弱了革命的力量。
但是根本原因,在于当时法国的无产阶级还缺乏取得革命胜利的客观历史条件。19世纪70年代初的法国,尚处于资本主义的“青年时代”,生产关系和生产力的发展基本上是适应的,无产阶级与资产阶级的矛盾虽然是社会的主要矛盾,但这一矛盾还没有发展到严重对抗的程度,因此还没有成熟到可以铲除资本主义生产方式的程度。资本主义生产方式还有其存在的历史依据。
而当时的欧洲各国虽然矛盾重重,也不断爆发局部范围的战争,但在巴黎公社面前,欧洲各国的统治者却能够暂时摈弃前嫌,勾结起来共同对付革命。巴黎公社尽管得到了各国工人和进步力量的广泛声援,但由于主客观条件不成熟,没有出现各国革命运动彼此呼应、相互配合的局面,以有效地支援巴黎公社反对国际反动力量对它的镇压。


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