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“敦煌文物”

名词解释题
2022-06-19 11:42
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莫高窟也叫“千佛洞”。位于甘肃省敦煌市东南。据唐代碑记,创建于前秦建元二年(366),现存最早洞窟的时间相当于北魏,以后又经历西魏、北周、隋、唐、五代、北宋、西夏、元、清等朝代,上下1500多年。莫高窟在明代一度荒废,至清康熙五十四年(1715)以后,又受到人们的注意。光绪二十六年(1900)道士王元箓发现“藏经洞”内藏有写经、文书和文物4万多件。此后莫高窟更引人注目。1907年英国的A.斯坦因掠走写本文书24箱和绘、绣的佛画5箱,1914年斯坦因再次从敦煌掠走5箱写本。两次共掠走遗书、文物1万多件。1908年法国人伯希和从藏经洞中拣选文书中的精品,掠走约5000件。1910年藏经洞中劫余写经,大部分运至北京,交京师图书馆收藏(罗振玉《流沙访古记》中曾提及端制军(端方)闻之扼腕,且欲购回其中部分)。1911年日本人桔瑞超和吉川小一郎从王道士处,弄走约600件经卷。1914年俄国人С.Φ奥尔登堡又从敦煌拿走一批经卷写本,并进行洞窟测绘,还盗走了第263窟的壁画。1924年美国人L.华尔纳用特制的化学胶液,粘揭盗走莫高窟壁画26块。这些盗窃和破坏,使敦煌文物受到很大损失。1944年,在莫高窟建立国立敦煌艺术研究所,1951年更名为敦煌文物研究所,进行敦煌学的研究和对莫高窟的保护。现尚存有壁画和雕塑作品(莫高窟开凿在砾岩上,不能雕刻,故采用泥塑)的共492窟,计有历代壁画45000多平方米,塑像3000余身(圆雕像2000余身和影塑1000余身)。

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