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试答直肠癌的诊断?

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2022-06-22 21:46
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直肠癌的诊断:
根据病史、体检、影像学和内镜检查,不难作出直肠癌的诊断,准确率可达95%以上。关键在于对早期症状不明显者,如何进行常规、全面而合理的临床检查,以免误诊或漏诊。所以对于有大便习惯改变或便血等可疑rectal cancer者,可遵循由简到繁的步骤进行以下检查:
(1)大便潜血检查 此为大规模普查或对高危人群作为结直肠癌的初筛手段。阳性者再进一步检查。
(2)直肠指诊 是诊断直肠癌最简便而又最重要的方法,80%的直肠癌可经直肠指诊发现。可以触及质地坚硬、表面不平的肿块或溃疡,或肠壁增厚狭窄,指套可血染。触及肿块时应注意肿块离肛门的距离、位置、质地、活动度、与前列腺、阴道、子宫及骶骨的关系。女性患者应同时行直肠、阴道指诊。指诊阴性时,应作进一步检查。
(3)内镜检查 包括直肠镜、乙状结肠镜和纤维结肠镜检查,不仅可在直视下肉眼作出诊断,而且可取组织进行病理检查。直肠癌诊断明确需手术治疗时也应进行纤维结肠镜除外结直肠多发癌。
(4)影像学检查 包括:钡剂灌肠检查:对诊断直肠癌意义不大,但也可用于排除结直肠的多发癌;B型超声检查:腹部B超可用于检查肝脏有无转移灶及肿瘤与盆腔脏器的关系;直肠腔内B超可检测肿瘤浸润肠壁的深度、周围淋巴结肿大情况及有无侵犯邻近脏器,从而在术前对直肠癌进行分期评估,指导治疗;CT检查:可以了解直肠癌的盆腔内扩散以及邻近脏器侵犯情况;MRI检查:效果与CT接近,矢状位扫描有利于了解直肠癌与骶骨、膀胱、前列腺的关系,可作为CT检查的补充。
(5)肿瘤标记物 目前公认在直肠癌诊断和术后监测有意义的肿瘤标记物是癌胚抗原(carcinoembryonic antigen,CEA)。大量统计资料表明直肠癌病人的血清CEA水平与Dukes分期呈正相关,与直肠癌预后有一定关系,作为早期直肠癌的诊断则缺乏价值。CEA也可用于术后监测复发,但对于术前CEA水平正常者没有意义。
(6)其他检查 低位直肠癌伴有腹股沟淋巴结肿大时,应行淋巴结活检。

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标签: 大学试题 医学
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