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比较“三曹”诗歌的异同。

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2022-06-30 16:59
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中国文学史上的“三曹”指汉魏时期的曹操、曹丕与曹植父子,他们是建安文学的代表作家。
曹操的诗歌今存约20篇,全部是乐府诗体。曹操继承了《诗经》的传统,反映现实,抒发情感。例如《短歌行》、《步出夏门行》。曹操诗文辞简朴,直抒襟怀,慷慨悲凉而沉郁雄健,带有明显政治家的气魄。如《步出夏门行》中《观沧海》一诗,气势磅礴,格调雄放,寥寥数笔,不加润饰,即能状辽阔的沧海景象,表现了诗人包容宇宙、吞吐日月的阔大胸怀。曹操还有一些诗歌把汉末动乱的现实和人民的苦难深刻地反映出来,因而被称为“汉末实录”。例如他的《薤露行》、《蒿里行》等。他的诗作朴实无华,不尚藻饰,以感情深挚、气韵沉雄取胜。这一时期诗歌慷慨悲凉的特色,在他的诗歌中表现得最为典型。
曹丕的诗歌今存约40首,绝大多数是乐府。如《芙蓉池作》、《于玄武陂作》、《夏日诗》、《黎阳作》《燕歌行》、《杂诗》等。曹丕的诗歌多模仿民歌来叙事抒情,善于取材闾间小事。他的诗歌笔致细腻,语言流畅,偏重抒情,格调清新。特别是一些以游子、思妇为题材的作品,一般都写得凄婉动人。如他的《燕歌行》,这是今存最早的一首完整的七言诗,叙述了一位女子对丈夫的思念。笔致委婉,语言清丽,感情缠绵,写景与抒情巧妙交融。曹丕诗语言平白,倾向民歌化,具有与《古诗十九首》类似的风格与艺术境界。
曹植现存诗80多首,他的创作以建安二十五年(曹丕登基)为界,分为前后两期。前期作品主要有三类,一类感时伤乱,如《送应氏》二首写洛阳荒芜残破景象,《泰山梁甫吟》写边海人民极端贫苦的生活,都流露出对百姓的深切同情;另一类抒发建功立业的理想抱负,洋溢着乐观、浪漫的情调。如《白马篇》借英姿飒爽、急赴国难的游侠儿的形象,表达了自己“捐躯赴国难,视死忽如归”的豪迈感情。再者就是表现贵公子的优游生活,如《斗鸡》、《公宴》等。后期主要抒写自己遭遣被弃的悲愤。他的诗歌很重视从汉乐府民歌中汲取创作养料,他善于运用传统的比兴手法,往往在诗歌开篇就能传达出某种浓郁的情绪,给人以强烈的印象。曹植除了民歌体的作品外,还有大量辞藻考究的文人诗,例如《赠白马王彪》等。可以说曹植的诗歌体现了我国古典诗歌从朴质无华的民歌向体备文质的文人诗转变。他对诗歌的题材和内容进行了多方面开拓,文采气骨兼备,取得了很高的成就。

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