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英国工艺美术运动

名词解释题
2022-11-22 00:45
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正确答案
现代工业设计的先导。说它是一次运动,是因其影响波及面大,具有国际意义。18世纪从英国开始的工业革命,使机械产品渗透到人类生活的各个方面。与过去手工制造的产品相比,呈现明显机械化特性:有些产品的造型和装饰设计,仍照搬传统手工业产品的样式,使难于应付复杂形式的机器产品比过去用长时间精雕细琢的手工业产品显得粗糙低劣;有些产品因按照机械生产的特点重新设计,其单纯简洁的样式,却使许多认为只有花样繁琐的传统样式才代表精致完美的消费者难以接受。因此,非常不成熟的工艺美术设计,面临着新旧过渡时期的困难。(时代背景)
以英国诗人、文艺批评家拉斯金和画家、工艺美术设计家莫里斯为代表的传统派,一面在理论上展开了批评和宣传,一面积极致力于设计实践。他们不满当时机械化产品的粗糙、简陋,认为真正的工艺产品应该既实用又美观,企图恢复中世纪传统作坊生产的手工产品的标准的手工技艺和完美而精致的设计。
为此,莫里斯建立了自己的染织作坊,亲自设计并以手工制作各种织物、壁纸、地毯和家具等。其设计在否定当时机械化样式缺少曲线变化的前提下,运用了自然界有机物(如花草)的形式,并加以变形,使装饰纹样呈现出变化丰富的曲线,富有生机和运动感(风格特征)。它们和曾经风靡欧洲、有强烈装饰感的巴洛克和罗可可(见巴洛克、罗可可)的曲线风格有千丝万缕的联系。
这种风格很快在建筑造型、室内装饰、园林艺术、书籍装帧等各种工艺美术设计中表现出来,并影响了整个欧洲设计界。拉斯金和莫里斯的言行使其走进一个具有历史意义的怪圈:他们从审美角度反对工业化时代生活用品的机械生产及其造型样式,但他们号召人们把生活用品的设计与其功能相结合,并身体力行。因此,实际上是在引导人们对产品(不论是手工还是机器产品)设计与其功能的关系予以特别重视,指出了正确的设计方向,极大地推动了工业产品设计这一新生事物的发展。(评价其意义)

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