测量成果的处理，距离与角度以参考椭球面为基准面，高程以大地水准面为基准面。

测量成果的处理，距离与角度以参考椭球面为基准面，高程以大地水准面为基准面

在实际工作中，参考椭球面是测量内业计算的基准面，大地水准面是测量外业工作的基准面。

天文经纬度的基准是大地水准面，大地经纬度的基准是参考椭球面。在大地原点处，大地水准面与参考椭球面相切，其天文经纬度分别等于其大地经纬度。“1954北京坐标系”的大地原点在哪里？“1980西安坐标系”的大地原点在哪里？

空间点A与参考椭球中心连线与赤道的夹角称为A点的大地纬度。

Every deliberate act of wrongdoing by the master or any of the crew against the ship or cargo，without the authorization or privity of the Shipowner or his agent，is（）.

（）, or drum is used for hauling in or letting out the wires or ropes which will fasten the ship to the shore.

A salvor may be（）the whole or part of the payment due under Salvage Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.

The （） is used for hauling in or letting out the wires or ropes.

Vessels must be（）valid certificate of nationality or certificated of registry or license.

逻辑运算符（AND、NOT、OR）的运算顺序是AND→OR→NOT。

逻辑运算符（AND、NOT、OR）的运算顺序是AND→OR→NOT。