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十月革命前俄国教育的基本情况如何?

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2022-01-01 06:10
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十月革命前,俄国教育经过长期的历史发展,各级各类学校已经初具规模,并且积累了丰富的教学经验,培养了一大批人才,这是以后苏联教育赖以发展的基础。
然而,作为拥有一亿六千多万人口的大国,旧俄的教育规模又远不敷实际需要;而它作为落后的农业国,经济发展比其它资本主义国家落后得多,因而它的教育又不但发展缓慢,水平低下,而且带有浓厚的封建色彩,阶级性、等级性、宗教性极为明显。十月革命前,俄国的小学多数还是三年制,学龄儿童的入学率只达到20%,成人中文盲占70%以上;中等、高等教育不独基本为地主、资产阶级垄断,还为贵族子女设立专门的学校和学院;学校教学内容陈腐落后,教育教学方法机械繁琐,盛行强迫纪律和死记硬背;另外还存在着一批为教会直接控制的教会学校和神学院,而神学则是一般中小学的必须科目。


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