简述细菌的耐药性原理，怎样避免细菌的耐药性？

Although goods have been lost or damaged whilst in the custody of the Shipowner，（）not necessarily responsible，for his liability in respect of them may have been excluded by the rules of common law or by the express terms of the contract or by statute.

成都科技大学的前身是成都工学院，而成都工学院的前身是（）

成都科技大学的前身是成都工学院，成都工学院始建于（）年。

细菌对磺胺类易产生耐药性，下列哪种细菌对磺胺药最易产生耐药性（）

细菌的耐药性 （resistance of bacteria）

何谓耐药性质粒？耐药性质粒在细菌间传递耐药性的方式有哪些？

Every deliberate act of wrongdoing by the master or any of the crew against the ship or cargo，without the authorization or privity of the Shipowner or his agent，is（）.

A salvor may be（）the whole or part of the payment due under Salvage Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.

Vessels must be（）valid certificate of nationality or certificated of registry or license.

抗药性（drug resistance）

一种被称作“超级细菌”的耐药性细菌在南亚和欧美一些国家感染患者甚至导致死亡。科学家指出，人类不合理使用抗菌药物，是出现细菌耐药问题的原因之一。据悉，我国科研人员已启动抗“超级细菌”药物研究。这说明（）①尊重医疗规律，合理使用抗菌药物，可以减少出现耐药性细菌②细菌耐药有其自身规律，人们无法有效抵御细菌对人类健康的侵害③医疗实践为医学研究提供研究课题，推动医学发展④抗菌素的研究与科研人员的个人爱好有直接关系