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什么是断裂构造?断层的基本类型有哪些?野外如何识别断层?

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2021-12-28 07:51
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什么是断裂构造?断层的基本类型有哪些?野外如何识别断层?
组成地壳的岩体,在地应力作用下发生变形,当应力超过岩石的强度,岩体的完整性受到破坏而产生的大小不一的断裂,称为断裂构造。
断层的基本类型有:
正断层:上盘沿断层面相对下降,下盘相对上升的断层。
逆断层:上盘沿断层面相对上升,下盘相对下降的断层。
平推断层:又称平移断层。是由于岩体受水平扭应力作用,使两盘沿断层面发生相对水平位移的断层。
断层的野外识别
①地貌特征:如陡崖、沟谷、河谷方向发生突然转折等。
②地层特征:若岩层发生不对称的重复或缺失,岩脉被错断,或者岩层沿走向突然中断,与不同性质的岩层突然接触等,这些地层方面的特征,则进一步说明断层存在的可能。
③断层的伴生构造:
断层的伴生构造是断层在发生、发展过程中遗留下来的痕迹。常见的有牵引弯曲、断层角砾、糜棱岩、断层泥和断层擦痕。这些伴生构造现象,是野外识别断层存在的可靠标志。另外,有泉水、温泉呈线状出露的地方有可能存在断层,而且可能是逆断层。
④其它标志
断层的存在常常控制水系的发育,并可引起河流遇断层面而急剧改向,甚至发生河谷错断现象。湖泊、洼地呈串珠状排列,往往意味着大断裂的存在;温泉和冷泉呈带状分布往往也是断层存在的标志;线状分布的小型侵入体也常反映断层的存在。


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