A requirement is simplya statement of what the system must do or what characteristics it needs to have. Requirements written from the perspective of user and focus on user needs are called _( )_.

When the renewal verification is completed more than three months before the expiry date of the existing Document of Compliance or Safety Management Certificate, the new Document of Compliance or the new Safety Management Certificate should be valid from the date of （） for a period not exceeding five years.

Notice of readingness to load must be served（）the charterer or his agent.

Notice of Readiness to Load must be served（）the Charterer or his agent.

If the carrier and the shipper have agreed that the goods shall or may be carried on deck，the carrier must（）in the bill of lading a statement to that effect.

Prior to getting underway，the Master or person in charge of a ship must（）.

Prior to getting underway，the Master or person in charge of a vessel must（）.

If the Shipowner relies on an excepted peril，he must（）that the loss or damage was caused thereby.

In the case of any actual or apprehended loss or damage the carrier and receiver must（）all reasonable facilities to each other for inspecting and tallying the goods.

Every deliberate act of wrongdoing by the master or any of the crew against the ship or cargo，without the authorization or privity of the Shipowner or his agent，is（）.

A salvor may be（）the whole or part of the payment due under Salvage Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.

Vessels must be（）valid certificate of nationality or certificated of registry or license.