当验算结构构件的变形和裂缝时，要考虑荷载长期作用的影响。此时，永久荷载应取标准值；可变荷载因不可能以最大荷载值（即标准值）长期作用于结构构件，所以应取经常作用于结构的那部分荷载，它类似永久荷载的作用，故称准永久值。

在计算钢筋混凝土肋梁楼盖连续次梁内力时，为考虑主梁对次梁的转动约束，用折算荷载代替实际计算荷载，其做法是（）。

Every deliberate act of wrongdoing by the master or any of the crew against the ship or cargo，without the authorization or privity of the Shipowner or his agent，is（）.

（）, or drum is used for hauling in or letting out the wires or ropes which will fasten the ship to the shore.

A salvor may be（）the whole or part of the payment due under Salvage Convention to the extent that the salvage operations have become necessary or more difficult because of fault or neglect on his part or if the salvor has been guilty of fraud or other dishonest conduct.

The （） is used for hauling in or letting out the wires or ropes.

Vessels must be（）valid certificate of nationality or certificated of registry or license.

When loading or discharging dry mud or cement，crew members should use goggles and（）.

Effects which are dutiable or subject to prohibitions or restrictions should be declared in （）.

（）are liable to be stoten, pilfered or may damaged due to improper handing or stowage.

逻辑运算符（AND、NOT、OR）的运算顺序是AND→OR→NOT。

逻辑运算符（AND、NOT、OR）的运算顺序是AND→OR→NOT。