（） are individuals and organizations that are actively involved in the project, or whose interests may be affected as a result of project execution or project completion.

（）involves comparing actual or planned project practices to those of other projects to generate ideas for improvement and to provide a basis by which to measure performance. These other projects can be within the performing organization or outside of it, and can be within the same or in another application area.

 The（）technique involves using project characteristics in a mathematical model to predict total project cost. Models can be simple or complex.

A project life cycle is a collection of generally sequential project（）(1) whose name and number are determined by the control needs of the organization or organizations involved in the project. The life cycle provides the basic （）(2) for managing the project, regardless of the specific work involved.

A project life cycle is a collection of generally sequential project（）(1) whose name and number are determined by the control needs of the organization or organizations involved in the project. The life cycle provides the basic （）(2) for managing the project, regardless of the specific work involved.

Project selection methods involve measuring value or attractiveness to the project owner or sponsor and may include other organizational decision criteria （）is not a project selection method.